o    Echo Sounding: The most common technique, using sonar technology to measure the water depth at various points.
o     Multi-beam Sonar: A more advanced method that sends out multiple sonar beams to cover a broader area, providing a more detailed and accurate map of the underwater landscape.
o     Single-beam Sonar: A simpler technology, where a single sonar beam is used to measure depths at specific points.
o     LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): In some cases, airborne LIDAR is used for shallow water areas, especially in coastal zones.

o      Navigation and Safety: Bathymetric surveys help in creating nautical charts for safe navigation and for determining safe water depths for ships and vessels.
o      Dredging Projects: Surveys are often used to plan dredging operations and monitor sediment movements.
o      Marine Construction: Planning for piers, bridges, offshore oil platforms, and other marine infrastructure relies on accurate bathymetric data.
o      Environmental Management: Monitoring changes in underwater topography for environmental studies, including habitat mapping and coastal erosion assessments.
o      Scientific Research: Studying marine ecosystems, geological formations, and hydrodynamics often requires accurate bathymetric data.